vet.gratis/LA CARA OCULTA DE LA LUNA(L-j. DESDE 7PM
ag2030 si pero no asi
the catch of the ag2030 is the forms of enforcement, of the 17 ODS (perfect platonic concepts=content). the only crack where the devil can sneak through, is a form that pretends to have content but does not. A mirage is the only gap through which he can harm us.
ex. bangladesh was the most polluted and poor conuntry in the world. the ag2030 policies were enforced and failed, making it even worse. and many dying of hunger.
ex. las vacas son el ppal contaminante de metano…pero la solucion de al ag230 es reducir su numero danando asi a agricultores y ganaderos…pero, hoy hay techs (genetic…) to produce cows with zero metano emissions.
ex. el RDecreto por el q el gob propone para limpiar las aguas costeras. como?:
-poder de expropiar a propietarios de 1a. linea de playa (a cambio de un usufructo de 30 anos)…
-acualmente la ag2030 esta usando ’emisarios marinos’, q no son sino tubos q echan la mierda al fondo del mar
en realidad, lo q necesitamos es:
-dejar de construir en zonas q deberian estar protegidas…(esto tb es causa de los danos de la dana). y dejar construir en zoas q no deberian estar protegidas (pero q lo estan para asi especular con el precio de la propiedad…q tb causa la reduccion en la natalidad espanola)
-ampliar la capacidad de las depuradoras de los municipios costeros….la gran mayoria de municipios turisticos no tienen sistemas de depuracion de aguas capaces de absorber los residuos humanos producidos cuando hay gran afluencia de personas…..ex.en el mar menor solo necesita depuradoras , como han demostrado muchas universidades, y tb ‘brian lapointe’
-evitar incendios requiere cambiar el art.50 de la ley de montes [recoge la excepcion a la regla de la ley de montes (para evitar incendios, no se puede construir en los 30 anos siguientes tras un incendio forestal)]. esta excepcion dice q las ccaa pueden decidir construir inmediatamente tras un incendio forestal, cuando haya necesidades imperiosas de int.publico y sea recogido en Ley autonomica, y si hay razones de wpi nacional, habra de ser recogido en Ley nacional (ccgg). ………PERO ….estan construyendo parques eolicos inmediatamente tras incendio forestal, usando leyes autonomicas….esto es ilegal, porq los parques eolicos no son int.publ, ni de nec.imperiosa….ademas, si lo fuera, seria wpi nacional (requiriendo ley de ccgg)
mlex: Rich countries triple support against climate change at COP29
Breakthrough in Baku delivers $1.3tn “Baku Finance Goal”
– The Baku Finance Goal sets new global target to channel $1.3tn of climate finance to developing countries by 2035 in significant uplift. This includes a new core finance goal of $300bn that triples the previous $100bn target.
– Breakthroughs on the Baku Finance Goal and UN carbon markets defy expectations as a result of year of intensive multilateral diplomacy led by Azerbaijani COP29 Presidency.
– COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev: “The Baku Finance Goal represents the best possible deal we could reach. In a year of geopolitical fragmentation, people doubted that Azerbaijan could deliver. They doubted that everyone could agree. They were wrong on both counts.”
– Parties recognise the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the people of Azerbaijan for their service to the global community as hosts of the UN Climate Change Conference.
– COP29 Presidency succeeds in getting the Fund for Loss and Damage up and running and ready to distribute money in 2025.
November 24, Baku: The COP29 Presidency of Azerbaijan today announced the agreement of the Baku Finance Goal (BFG), a new commitment to channel $1.3tn of climate finance to the developing world each year. Success on the COP29 Presidency’s top priority for the UN Climate Summit represents a significant uplift from the previous climate finance goal of $100 billion and will unlock a new wave of global investment.
The Baku Finance Goal contains a core target for developed countries to take the lead on mobilizing at least $300 billion per year for developing countries by 2035. This represents a $50bn increase on the previous draft text, and is the product of 48 hours of intensive diplomacy by the COP29 Presidency. It pays special consideration to support the least developed countries and small island developing states, with provisions on accessibility and transparency.
The Baku Finance Goal is the centrepiece of a package of agreements that deliver progress across all climate pillars. These breakthroughs are the result of months of intensive diplomacy by the Azerbaijani Presidency to deliver some of the most complex and controversial tasks in multilateral climate action. They mark a critical step in putting in place the means to deliver a pathway to 1.5C.
COP29 ended the decade-long wait for the conclusion of Article 6 negotiations on high integrity carbon markets under the UN. Financial flows from compliant carbon markets could reach $1 trillion per year by 2050. They also have the potential to reduce the cost of implementing national climate plans by $250 billion per year. When combined, the Baku Finance Goal and Article 6 will forever change the global climate finance architecture by redirecting investment to the developing world.
In the plenary session, Parties in Baku unanimously agreed to an expression of gratitude to the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan and to the people of Azerbaijan for the generosity and hospitality they demonstrated in hosting the 29th Conference of the Parties.
The COP29 Presidency also succeeded in getting the Fund for Loss and Damage up and running and ready to distribute money in 2025. This decision was long awaited by developing countries, including small island states, least developed countries, and African nations. This aligns with the priority set by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Mr. Ilham Aliyev, to address the challenges posed by climate change impacts on small island states under the COP29 Presidency.
COP29 President Mukhtar Babayev said, “When the world came to Baku, people doubted that Azerbaijan could deliver. They doubted that everyone could agree. They were wrong on both counts. With this breakthrough, the Baku Finance Goal will turn billions into trillions over the next decade. We have secured a trebling of the core climate finance target for developing countries each year.”
“The Baku Finance Goal represents the best possible deal we could reach, and we have pushed the donor countries as far as possible. We have forever changed the global financial architecture and taken a significant step towards delivering the means to deliver a pathway to 1.5C. The years ahead will not be easy. The science shows that the challenges will only grow. Our ability to work together will be tested. The Baku Breakthrough will help us weather the coming storms.”
The successful agreement of the Baku Finance Goal comes as part of a series of achievements that the COP29 Presidency delivered and secured, as in Annex 1.
The full text of the Baku Finance Goal can be found here
Annex 1: COP29 achievements
Parallel to delivering a balanced package of negotiated priorities, the COP29 Presidency’s Action Agenda called on a wider group of stakeholders to contribute to global climate action.
The Action Agenda Initiatives confront some of the most pressing problems, shine a light on forgotten priorities, offer unique solutions based on the experiences and perspective of the host, and reinforce coherence and COP-to-COP continuity. These Initiatives were designed in an inclusive and transparent process in consultation with all stakeholders. They serve to complement existing initiatives and bring new, creative approaches to climate challenges.
Together, these Initiatives will support the implementation of ambitious climate action.
– Baku Initiative for Climate Finance, Investment and Trade (BICFIT) Dialogue: The COP29 Presidency brought UN agencies, international organisations, multilateral development banks, multilateral climate funds, the private sector, civil society, key coalition, and other stakeholders, alongside COP Presidencies and Parties together to ensure that finance, investment and trade remain at the centre of the climate agenda. Announced the new Baku Climate Coalition for SMEs Green Transition.
– Energy pledges and declarations: The COP29 Presidency launched its pledges and declarations on energy storage, grids, zones, corridors and hydrogen, which were endorsed by 150 Parties.
– COP29 Declaration on Green Digital Action: More than 75 governments and over 1,100 members of the digital tech community endorsed the declaration to use digital tools to reduce emissions and strengthen climate resilience.
– Baku Initiative on Human Development for Climate Resilience: A joint statement among 8 UN agencies, 3 MDBs and 3 climate funds, saw the adoption of the Baku Guiding Principles on Human Development for Climate Resilience and established the Baku COP Presidencies Continuity Coalition for Climate and Health.
– Climate and Health Continuity Coalition: Five COP Presidencies (COP26 to COP30), alongside the WHO Director-General, embedded health into the climate agenda—and advocated for health to be a core feature of future COP conferences—by introducing the Baku COP Presidencies Continuity Coalition for Climate and Health.
– Reducing Methane from Organic Waste Declaration: Over 50 countries—including 8 of the world’s 10 largest organic waste methane emitters and representing 51% of global methane emissions from organic waste—endorsed the declaration committing to sectoral targets to reduce methane from organic waste within future NDC, which will contribute to the implementation of the Global Methane Pledge.
– Baku Harmoniya Climate Initiative for Farmers: A platform that brings together the dispersed landscape of existing climate initiatives in the field of food and agriculture, in order to make support for farmers easier to find and to facilitate access to finance.
– COP29 MAP Declaration for Resilient and Healthy Cities: Brings together UN agencies and IGOs, MDBs, MCFs, philanthropic organisations, bilateral donors and implementing agencies for partnership and collaboration on urban climate finance, with over 160 endorsers, including more than 40 Parties, intending to work on multisectoral approaches to climate action and planning in urban areas. Launched Baku Continuity Coalition for Urban Climate Action, which takes a multisectoral and multilevel approach to continuity and coherence between COP, UNFCCC and UN Habitat urban processes.
– COP29 Declaration on Enhanced Action in Tourism: Commits more than 60 government endorsers to promote sustainable tourism practices by reducing emissions and increasing resilience in the sector—ultimately positioning tourism as a key component of climate solutions.
– COP29 Declaration on Water for Climate Action: With endorsers from over 50 countries, this declaration will take an integrated approach to combating the causes and impacts of climate change on water basins and water-related ecosystems. It advocates for the integrations of water-related mitigation and adaptation measures in national climate policies, including NDCs and NAPs.
Significant progress made throughout the course of the two weeks
In addition to its Action Agenda initiatives, the COP29 Presidency made progress in several priority areas for ambitious climate action. This included advancing transparency and securing funding for Loss and Damage. In addition to Presidency-led initiatives, Parties and other stakeholders stepped up and showed leadership with their own commitments.
– The COP29 Presidency placed a significant emphasis on the importance of transparency and Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs) by launching the Baku Transparency Platform and calling for early submissions from Parties, resulting in 11 Parties plus the European Union submitting before the 31 December deadline. Leading by example, the Presidency also submitted its own BTR.
– Parties continued progress towards the goal of operationalizing Article 6, which would direct resources to the developing world and reduce the cost of implementing national climate plans. They reached consensus on Article 6.4 standards for trusted and transparent carbon markets and concluded negotiations on Article 6.8 which facilitates international cooperation through non-market approaches to implementing national climate plans and promoting sustainable development.
– During the World Leaders Climate Action Summit, 80 Heads of States, Governments and Vice-Presidents delivered official statements on how they are advancing the Paris Agreement and committing to climate action, addressing the need to raise ambition for mitigation and adaptation.
– Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) announced projections for their contributions to climate action as $170 billion per year by 2030, with $120 for low- and middle-income countries.
– Positioned the Fund for responding to Loss and Damage to be ready to distribute funds in 2025 by securing contributor agreements and pledges as well as signing the host country agreement with the Philippines and hosting and trustee agreements with the World Bank. The largest contributions made during COP29 came from Australia and Sweden. Total pledges to the Fund to date have surpassed $730 million.
– Countries—including the US, China, EU, UAE, UK, Brazil, Canada, and Nigeria—came together and announced policies focused on reducing methane from organic waste.
– Ensured the participation of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) throughout the conference, creating opportunities for them to raise key priorities and concerns, such as accessibility of climate finance.
– Brought together over 1,000 private and philanthropic leaders from more than 70 countries at the Business Investment and Philanthropy Climate Platform (BIPCP) where investor groups with over $10 trillion in assets united to deploy private capital into climate markets.
– Pledges to climate finance projects and initiatives totaled $7.3 billion on Finance, Investment and Trade Day, with the largest support coming from the Asian Development Bank ($3.5 billion), the Azerbaijani banking sector ($1.2 billion), Sweden ($760 million) and Canada ($1.5 billion from the Canadian Government and $290 million from philanthropies) on investments in combating impacts of melting glaciers, green taxonomies, and climate action.
– Development finance institutions pledged to support the 10GW Lighthouse Initiative for renewable hydrogen projects in emerging markets and developing countries.
– Over 50 shipping industry actors agreed to accelerate zero and near-zero emission fuels by 2030, translating to at least 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen.
– As part of a $193 million package for various clean energy initiatives, the UK supported clean cooking for 10 million people across Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Indo-Pacific to leave coal and wood cooking behind.
– Signified the role of cooperation and peace as indispensable to global climate action—with the COP Truce Appeal garnering support from 132 countries and 1,200+ organizations, as well as the Baku Call on Climate Action for Peace, Relief and Recovery being adopted, an initiative which will launch the Baku Climate and Peace Action Hub to address the urgent nexus of climate change, conflict, and humanitarian needs.
– With Germany’s pledge of $65.1 million and Ireland’s pledge of $13 million, contributions to the Adaptation Fund reached $133 million.
– Climate Investment Funds increased, collecting additional contributions from the US ($325 million), Germany ($220 million), and the UK ($211 million).
– 25 countries and the European Union indicated their intentions to put forward national climate plans that reflect no new unabated coal in their energy systems and issued a call to action for others to do the same.
– Mexico announced their commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050, meaning all G20 members have committed to a net-zero target.
– Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples: Established the Baku Workplan of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform.
– UK government pledges £239 million ($299 million USD): The UK government has pledged over $299 million to tackle deforestation, including money to support the development of high-integrity forest carbon markets, for blended finance for sustainable forest enterprises, and for the UNFCCC to help countries protect forests.
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/halfway-to-2030-the-sustainable-development-goals/
2023 marks the half-way point to the deadline of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.
As stated in the UN resolution marking their launch in 2015, the SDGs seek to galvanise a global effort to promote human development (PDF) and enable those “left behind” to “achieve their full human potential”.
The UN has warned progress on the goals has stalled, and, in some cases, went into reverse during the Covid-19 pandemic. The UN intends to re-invigorate international efforts with a SDG summit from 18 to 19 September 2023.
This Insight sets out progress since 2015 and the UK’s current and future plans for international development.
What are the SDGs?
The SDGs were launched in 2015 and apply to all UN members, including the United Kingdom.
The central aim is to “leave no one behind” and “reach the furthest behind first” (PDF). Someone might be “left behind” on the grounds of income, gender, disability, age, ethnicity, or where they live.
There are 17 SDGs (see below image), with 169 targets for meeting them. Goals to achieve by 2030 include:
- Ending poverty in all its forms everywhere.
- Ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition and sustainable agriculture.
- Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals for 2030
What progress has been made on the SDGs?
In July 2023, the UN published a progress report on the SDGs. It found that, of the 140 targets that had sufficient data to be evaluated, half had had “moderate or severe deviations” from the intended trajectory since 2015 and 30% had had no progress or had regressed. These included:
- A 100% increase in the number of refugees from 2015 to 2022, reaching 35 million people (see chart below).
- A “resurgence” in fossil-fuel subsidies in 2021, returning to 2014 levels (around US$732 billion).
- A decline in international finance to developing countries to support clean energy research and production, from a post-2000 peak of US$26.4 billion in 2017 to US$10.8 billion in 2021.
- 32% of young women (ages 15 to 24) not being in education, employment, or training in 2022, compared with 31% in 2015.
In 2022, global regions with particular challenges in meeting the SDGs (PDF) were Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand) and parts of Asia:
- The proportion of the employed population below the poverty line of US$1.90 per day was 6% globally, but 36% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 19% in Oceania (shown in the chart below).
- The proportion of the world population undernourished was 10%, but 23% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 17% in southern Asia.
- The under-five mortality rate was 38 per 1,000 live births globally in 2020, but 74 in Sub-Saharan Africa and 39 in Oceania.
Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, SDG Indicators Database, retrieved 5 September 2023
UN calls for an “SDG stimulus”
The UN Secretary General, António Guterres, warns the SDGs will be missed. He argues there must be a “fundamental shift” in efforts at the September summit.
A successful summit, he states, rests on agreeing an “SDG stimulus” of US$500 billion a year (PDF), supported by the G20 group of countries.
First proposed by the Secretary General in October 2022, the stimulus would increase lending at low interest rates for countries with lower incomes, arrange debt relief, and reform the global financial architecture to increase the ability of these countries to access development finance.
At the G20 summit hosted by India in September, the group committed to “accelerate” implementation (PDF) of the SDGs.
UK aid and the SDGs
The UK is seen as one of the leaders in securing the commitment to “leave no-one behind” in 2015, with then Prime Minister David Cameron holding a high-level panel at the UN. The current lead for UK global efforts on the SDGs is the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO).
The UK Government acknowledges that globally the SDGs are “drastically off track”, with African states and least-developed countries the most affected.
In October 2023, the former Minister for International Development, Vicky Ford MP, is expected to lead a debate in Westminster Hall on the SDGs.
2022 international development strategy
The UK’s international development strategy was launched in 2022 with four priorities, including empowering women and girls and supporting countries to grow sustainably.
Following publication, the strategy was criticised by Bond, the umbrella group for UK non-governmental organisations, for a “lack of clarity” on how UK aid would “leave no one behind” and advance the SDGs.
In July 2022, these comments were echoed by the Chair of the International Development Committee, Sarah Champion, who argued that “helping the poor increasingly seems to be seen as a by-product” of UK foreign policy.
By law, all UK aid is also required to reduce poverty and gender inequality.
The Government argues the strategy’s focus on economic growth, humanitarian aid and addressing the root causes of crises such as conflict and climate change means it is “closely aligned with the SDGs”.
Proposed international development white paper
Since taking office in October 2022, the new International Development Minister, Andrew Mitchell, has announced plans for a new international development white paper. This will set out the UK’s plans on international development to 2030, including how to get the SDGs “on track”, and explore “new solutions” to scale-up finance for development.
The Government plans to publish the paper at the UK’s global hunger summit in November 2023.
Change to aid spending
Having a smaller aid budget since 2020 has presented challenges for the UK’s work on the SDGs. Aid spending has fallen from a peak of £15.1 billion in 2019 to £12.8 billion in 2022 (of which a third in 2022 was spent in the UK on hosting refugees).
In its equalities assessments on the effects of the spending reductions, the FCDO found:
- In 2021 there was a “likely reduction” in the number of programmes aimed at those “furthest behind”, including women and girls and people with disabilities.
- For 2023/24 there is expected to be a “severe” impact on programmes “with a strong focus on equalities”, nutrition and human development.
From 2024/25, FCDO aid spending is expected to rise but UK aid will not be restored to 0.7% of gross national income, as it was from 2013 to 2020.
Further reading
- International Development Committee, Extreme poverty and the SDGs, HC 149, 13 December 2022 and Government response, 6 March 2023.
- Bond, The UK’s global contribution to the SDGs, July 2022.
- Commons Library research briefing, Debt relief for low-income countries.
- UN, SDG report: 2023, July 2023.
ROL AND THE SDGS
For many reading this, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require little introduction. Coming into force in January 2016, they represent the new, post-2015 development agenda: a set of 17 goals with 169 targets and further indicators to be pursued by every UN member state until 2030. One of the most significant developments is Goal 16 (peace, justice and strong governance) and nestled under this goal, target 16.3, which emphasises the promotion of the rule of law at national and international levels. Taking this target as a starting point, this article will review the relationship between the rule of law and the effective implementation of the SDG agenda.
-From the MDGs to the SDGs: The new development framework has sought to improve on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in breadth, complexity and applicability. The broadly accepted criticism that the 8 MDGs were too narrow in focus has been addressed with a much wider and holistic set of 17 new goals. They also represent a much more inclusive framework. Although the MDGs in theory applied to all, the targets primarily focused on the developing world, to be financed by wealthier member states. In contrast, the SDGs represent a more universally applicable set of goals, created from the largest UN consultative programme to date, and a number of the stated objectives apply beyond a specific sector to form fundamental building blocks for the agenda as a whole.
-The position of the Rule of Law within the SDGs: IDLOs’ Director-General, Irene Khan, has previously called SDG 16 one such ‘crosscutting goal‘. But following a series of OWG meetings in July 2014, the final wording of Goal 16 stated not the ‘rule of law’ but rather ‘access to justice’. A report published by the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law has explored the reasoning and impact of this decision. On the one hand, Goal 16’s ‘access to justice for all’ is an essential element in establishing and maintaining the rule of the law by empowering the most vulnerable groups in society to exercise their rights. However the rule of law doctrine is significantly wider than access to justice alone, incorporating additional elements such as the transparency and accountability of the law, the right to a fair trial, upholding human rights and judicial independence. A key concern is whether the placement of a narrower focus on ‘access to justice’ within the overall phrasing of Goal 16 and conversely, the incorporation of the broader concept of the ‘rule of law’ within a specific target, will in fact serve to confuse rather than clarify the importance of the doctrine as a tool for implementing the wider SDG framework.
-Challenges for SDG implementation: where does the ROL currently falls short of supporting the SDGs?: In early 2016, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon warned of ‘the age of mega crises‘. One of the greatest challenges is the unprecedented refugee and migrant crisis in Europe. Such crises have placed overwhelming pressure on the democratic and legal systems of the developed world. The solutions found to current questions concerning the legal rights of asylum seekers, equal access to justice and Europe’s humanitarian values lie at the centre of both the crisis and the SDGs. Secondly, weaknesses in national and international tax law continue to persist giving rise to crippling global levels of corruption, bribery, fraud and tax evasion. Global Financial Integrity’s annual 2015 report estimates US$1.1 trillion was lost in illicit financial flows from developing countries in 2013. Yet despite the enormity of this problem, target 16.4 only speaks broadly of curbing ‘illicit financial and arms flows’. Many commentators have further noted that Addis Ababa Action Agenda on financing for the SDGs has failed to offer new sources of funding or transformative measures for the international finance system, setting aside proposals for a new international tax body. The future development of international and national tax legislation will be crucial in determining the realisation of the SDG agenda.
Looking forward: The role of the legal community: Despite these significant legal challenges to the effective implementation of the SDGs, the global legal community holds a unique position in the delivery of the new agenda through enforcement of the rule of law. This community extends to lawyers involved in advocacy, law reform, drafting of new legislation, legal education and in providing legal assistance and representation. Goal 5 (gender equality), for example, will be facilitated through the abolition of all forms of gender-based discriminatory legislation and practices, and the implementation of effective legal systems enabling the rights of women and girls to be heard and enforced. Goal 12 (responsible consumption) and Goal 7 (affordable and clean energy) similarly require internationally agreed legal frameworks which further provide developing countries with the legal tools with which to implement them.
Therefore despite the somewhat secondary nature of inclusion of the ‘rule of law’ under target 16.3, and the challenges posed by current weaknesses in international and national law, the promotion of the rule of law at a global level is the essential thread underpinning the achievability of the 15 year programme. As we look forward, the upcoming launch of A4ID’s legal guide to the goals will represent a hugely significant step towards positively harnessing the power of the law towards the delivery of the new development agenda.